![]() ![]() ![]() Macek and Silling proposed the PD-FEM coupling approach and implemented peridynamics in a commercial finite element analysis code, Liu et al. ![]() To improve its computational efficiency, researchers have coupled peridynamics with FEM. However, as a non-local theory computational efficiency of peridynamics is far lower than that of FEM, especially for engineering applications like ship-ice interaction. Therefore, it can simulate spontaneous crack nucleation and propagation, and can be used to simulate the ice-breaking and calculate ice loads. Based on integrodifferential equations, peridynamics can deal with discontinuous displacement fields. This reformulation of the classical continuum mechanics is a non-local theory that does not assume the spatial differentiability of displacement fields. In recent years, a mesh-free method of peridynamics was proposed. Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics method (SPH) was adopted in the ice field to simulate the ice-structure interaction dynamics, and other methods. The discrete element method (DEM) to calculate ice loads for offshore structures and ships. Finite element method (FEM) was successfully applied to estimate the strength of ship structure problems. Fortunately, numerical methods to study ship-ice interactions do not need to consider the structure complexity, and are not restricted by factors such as geography, cost, and time, and have been shown to be both efficient and accurate, both in theoretical research and engineering application. Theoretical analysis is still challenging in some cases, such as dealing with complicated structures. However, compared with full-scale tests, models have many uncertainties, and can be expensive and time-consuming. Model test is a promising candidate to study the ship–ice interaction. For full-scale testing, the results are reliable, but the associated cost is high. The ship-ice interaction scenarios are studied with full-scale tests, model tests, theoretical analyses, and numerical simulations. Therefore, it is great significant to simulate the icebreaking scenarios and calculate the ice load of ship–ice interaction, and it helps in improving the design and safe navigation of icebreakers. The exploitation of resources and scientific research in Arctic regions rely on icebreakers to open the necessary routes. In recent years, global climate change and the melting of ice in Arctic regions has raised the possibility of exploiting Arctic resources and opening an Arctic channel. ![]()
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